Wathi i-pardons baba yinxalenye ixabiso kweli lizwe
National Reorganization Inkqubo inikwe igama olusetyenziswa yi-ayo iinkokeli kuba military dictatorship ukuba ruled Argentina ukusuka kwiI-Argentine military seized ezopolitiko amandla ngexesha Matshi coup, njengenxalenye Msebenzi Condor phezu lobumongameli ka-u-isabel Perón, umhlolokazi ka-owayesakuba Ngumongameli Juan Domingo Perón ixesha yombuso terrorism ngokuchasene civilians (ngokunjalo o-neoliberal, imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho) iqalwe, kunye dictatorship labeling eyakhe ukusebenzisa torture, extrajudicial babulala kwaye systematic banyanzeleka disappearances njengoko 'a Imdaka Imfazwe'. Emva yokulahla i-Falklands Imfazwe e-United kingdom ngowe, military junta faced iyanyuka indawo kawonke-wonke kwaye ekugqibeleni relinquished amandla ngowe. Phantse zonke Junta amalungu ingaba ngoku wayekhonza izivakalisi ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene uluntu kwaye genocide. I-military ingaba usoloko uhleli highly influential kwi-Argentine politics, kwaye Argentine imbali ngu laced kunye rhoqo kwaye prolonged amathuba okuphumla ka-military umthetho.
Inkqubo ethandwa kakhulu Argentine inkokeli, Juan Perón, ezintathu -ixesha Umongameli wenkundla Argentina, kwaba i-polonaise kwi-umkhosi abo kuqala weza ezopolitiko amandla kwi-aftermath a military coup.
Yena advocated omtsha-nkqubo dubbed Justicialism, nationalist-nkqubo athe thathwa waba 'Indawo Yesithathu, i-okungokunye kunye capitalism kwaye communism. Emva ekubeni re-onyulwe ukuba abe kwi-ofisi kamongameli yi-ethandwa kakhulu ivoti, Perón waba deposed kwaye exiled yi-Revolución Libertadora ngowe. Emva uthotho buthathaka oorhulumente, kwaye isixhenxe-unyaka military urhulumente, Perón wabuyela Argentina ngo, ilandelayo ishumi elinesibhozo leminyaka exile kwi-Francoist Spain, amidst escalating ezopolitiko isiphithiphithi, izahlulo kwi-Peronist yokuhamba-hamba, kwaye rhoqo outbreaks opolitiko udushe. Yakhe kubuyela waba iphawulwe yi-amabini juni Ezeiza kwendyikityha yokufa, emva kokuba ilungelo-wing Peronist yokuhamba-hamba waba dominant.
Peron waba democratically onyulelwe ukuba Ngumongameli ngo, kodwa wafa ngojulayi.
Yakhe usekela kamongameli umongameli anesithathu umfazi, u-isabel Martínez de Perón, baphumelela kuye, kodwa yena kwacacisa ukuba ibe buthathaka, ineffectual ngumlawuli. Inani revolutionary organizations - oyintloko phakathi kwabo Montoneros, iqela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku-ekhohlo Peronists - escalated zabo iliza opolitiko udushe (kuquka kidnappings kwaye bombings) ngokuchasene phulo ka-harsh repressive kwaye retaliatory amanyathelo isetyenzisiwe yi-military kwaye amapolisa. Ukongeza, akunjalo-wing paramilitary amaqela na umjikelo udushe, ezifana Triple ukufa squad, waseka yi-José López Rega, Perón ke Umphathiswa Lwezentlalo Nentlalo-ntle kwaye ilungu P masonic bafake. Le meko escalated de Nkosk. Wayengomnye zibuyiselwe kwi-amabini anesine Matshi nge military junta ebelikhokelwa Kukalieutenant Jikelele Jorge Rafael Videla.
Igosa uphando kwenziwa emva end ye-Imdaka Imfazwe yi-National Ikhomishini kwi Disappearance zabantu ixwebhu, desaparecidos (victims of banyanzeleka disappearance) kunye namanye amalungelo oluntu violations, noting ukuba echanekileyo inani ebotshiwe ibe ngaphezulu.
Abaninzi iimeko baba zange kusini na, xa wonke iintsapho baba disappeared, kwaye military watshabalalisa abaninzi yayo iimbali iinyanga ngaphambi kokuba abuyele yolawulo lwentando yesininzi. Phakathi 'disappeared' baba pregnant abafazi, ababe agcina kuphila de zinika wokuzalwa phantsi rhoqo ezamandulo iimeko kwi-imfihlelo prisons. I-infants baba ngokubanzi illegally yamkelwa libhunga military okanye ezopolitiko iintsapho affiliated kunye nolawulo, oomama baba ngokubanzi bambulala. Amawaka detainees baba drugged, ifakiwe kwi aircraft, stripped ze kwaye ke baphoselwe kwi Rio de la Plata okanye i-Atlantic Ocean ukuba drown na waba eyaziwa ngokuba 'ukufa flights. I-wefilim Igosa Ibali, apho uphumelele Oscar kuba Eyona Langaphandle Wefilim udidi ngowe, iidilesi le meko. I-Argentine imfihlo inkonzo ICALA kanjalo cooperated kunye DINA kwi-Pinochet ke Chile nezinye emzantsi Afrika i-american iingqiqo nee-arhente ezingamahlakani. Isibhozo emzantsi Afrika i-american izizwe ezixhaswayo endeavors ukuba eradicate ekhohlo-leaning terrorist amaqela kweli lizwekazi, eyaziwa njenge-Operation Condor. Kuthelekelelwa ukuba ingaba wenza lokufa kwabantu ngaphezu. abantu ICALA kanjalo baqeqeshwe - umzekelo kwi-Honduran Lepaterique base - Nicaraguan Contras ababe besilwa i-Sandinista urhulumente apho. I-regime kuyivala phantsi yowiso-mthetho kwaye enomda kunye inkululeko i-cofa inkululeko intetho, adopting buhlungu media censorship. I- World Cup, apho Argentina lonwabisa kwaye uphumelele, waba isetyenziswa njenge kuthetha ka-propaganda kwaye rally yayo abantu phantsi nationalist pretense. Urhwaphilizo, failing kuqoqosho, lokukhula-wonke ukwazisa le harsh repressive amanyathelo athathwa yi-regime, kwaye military yoyisa kwi-Falklands Imfazwe, eroded uluntu umfanekiso regime. Yokugqibela de facto umongameli, Reynaldo Bignone, waba banyanzeleka ukuba bizani unyulo yi-nokungabikho inkxaso ngaphakathi Umkhosi kwaye steadily lokukhula koxinzelelo-wonke uluvo lwakhe. Ngo-oktobha, unyulo baba igcine, kwaye lwentando yesininzi waba formally kwakhona kwi-disemba ishumi kunye Umongameli Raúl Alfonsín ekubeni wafunga kwi-ofisi. Videla wonyulwa José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz njengoko Umphathiswa Kuqoqosho, ibe igcwalisiwe kunye stabilizing kwaye privatizing korhulumente, enye into ingaba emva koko kwaziwa njenge neoconservative imigca. I-Junta borrowed imali angaphesheya ukuze uluntu imisebenzi kunye namaqonga nentlalo-ntle bechitha. Martínez de Hoz waba banyanzeleka ukuba rely phezulu inzala amazinga kwaye i-ko-valued exchange umyinge ukuba ulawulo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso, apho kwenzakalisa Argentine ishishini ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle. Phambi military urhulumente wathabatha e-ofisini, zilithoba le bonke bahlala indlala (ngaphantsi kwi-France okanye i-United States ngelo xesha) xa-ngqesho umyinge wema ku. zimbini I-Junta ke, imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho, nangona kunjalo, kukhokelele a diminishing ka-abahlala imigangatho kwaye ukwanda inequalities. Loqoqosho umgaqo-nkqubo we-dictatorship iqukiwe recipes ukususela Ngamazwe olukhawulezileyo lwemali, ingxowa-Mali, benefited a khetha iqela monopolies waza waqalisa inkqubo imbali indebtedness, esibizwa essentially zolwaphulo mthetho ukusebenza usetyenzisiwe ngumthetho wesizwe kwaye langaphandle iinkampani, military noqoqosho agents, ngokunxulumene-matyala isivakalisi ngojulayi ishumi elinesithathu ka- kwimeko"Alejandro Internationals m Martínez de Hoz nabanye s Defraudation". Inqanaba ityala yenyuka ukusuka, yezigidi dollazi ekupheleni, yezigidi dollazi ekupheleni. Ngowama, isifrentshi journalist Marie-Monique Robin wathi yena kokuba kufunyenwe kwi-zokugcina ye-French Kubulungiseleli ka-Langaphandle Imicimbi uxwebhu kwacacisa ukuba i- isivumelwano bebe made phakathi Paris kwaye Buenos Aires ukuba wagunyazisa 'osisigxina isifrentshi military umsebenzi' ekubeni eyabelwe Argentina. Iqela lisekwe ka abaphathi ababesilwa kwi-Algerian Imfazwe kwaye bohlwaywe insurgents. Kwaba ebekwe kwi-ofisi eyintloko ye nabasebenzi i-Argentine Umkhosi. Yena ixwebhu ukuba Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ke urhulumente secretly collaborated kunye Videla ke junta kwi-Argentina kunye Augusto Pinochet ke regime kwi-Chile.
Isigwebo kamva wavusa ukuba eminyaka
Oluhlaza deputies George Mamère, Martine Billard kwaye Yves Cochet iphumeze isisombululo kwi-septemba kuba Ezasepalamente Ikhomishini kufuneka convened kwi 'indima France kwi inkxaso military regimes kwi-Latin Emelika ukusuka ukuba, kubanjwa phambi Langaphandle Imicimbi Ikhomishini yowiso-mthetho Yesizwe kunye presided phezu yi-Edouard Balladur.
Ngaphandle ukusuka Le Monde, newspapers zihleli cwaka ngalento isicelo. Usekela-Roland Blum, owaye eliphetheyo Ekhomishini, wala vumelani Marie-Monique Robin kungqina. Ngodisemba, abasebenzi bakhe ipapashwe i iphepha uxwebhu ukuba wathi akukho sivumelwano bebe esayiniweyo phakathi France kwaye Argentina malunga military imikhosi. Kodwa, Marie-Monique Robin ethumele kwabo ikopi yoxwebhu yena zifunyenweyo ebonisa ngolo sivumelwano. Xa Umphathiswa Langaphandle Imicimbi Dominique de Villepin wahamba waya Chile ngofebruwari, lowo thathwa ukuba akukho intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-France ne-military regimes yenzeka. Isispanish umgwebi Baltasar Garzón unsuccessfully azama umbuzo yangaphambili-United States Nobhala Urhulumente Henry Kissinger njengengqina wakhe uphando kwi Argentine disappearances ngexesha elinye Kissinger ke utyelelo Usa, Upetros Tatchell waba ayikwazi kufumana Kissinger ababanjiweyo ngexesha elinye ndwendwela kuba alleged imfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komgaqo-Geneva Conventions Mthetho. Ukulandela ummiselo Kamongameli Alfonsín mandating prosecution ka-iinkokeli zoluntu Proceso kuba izenzo wanikela ngexesha labo umhlaba, baba balingwe kwaye convicted ngowe. (Bona Juicio a las Juntas) Ngowe, Umongameli Carlos Menem pardoned kubo ngethuba unyaka wakhe wokuqala kwi-ofisi, esibizwa highly controversial. I-Argentine Supreme Inkundla wavakalisa amnesty imithetho unconstitutional kwi. Kangangokuba, urhulumente resumed iimvavanyo ngokuchasene military amagosa abo bebe indicted kuba iintshukumo ngexesha Imdaka Imfazwe. Adolfo Scilingo, i-Argentine naval eliyintloko ngexesha junta, wavavanywa kuba yakhe indima ebalulekileyo jettisoning drugged kwaye ze ezopolitiko dissidents ukusuka military aircraft yabo lokufa kwabantu kwi-Atlantic Ocean ngexesha junta eminyaka.
Waba convicted kwi-Spain kwi- yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene uluntu kwaye sentenced ukuba iminyaka entolongweni.
Cristian Von Wernich, Catholic umbingeleli kwaye yangaphambili chaplain ye-Buenos Aires Kwiphondo Amapolisa, wabanjwa ngowe- kwi accusations ka-torture ka-amabanjwa ezopolitiko kwi-mthethweni detention centers. Waba convicted e yovavanyo, kwaye oktobha, Argentine inkundla sentenced kuye ukuba ubomi entolongweni. A eyona yovavanyo, nicknamed 'ESMA ukuya kowe-yovavanyo', abantu umtyholwa yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene uluntu ngexesha - dictatorship, kuquka abo abakwicandelo ukufa flights, waba reaching yayo vala kwi-julayi. amangqina kwaye victims baba weva. Kukho bebe emibini edlulileyo iimvavanyo emva Supreme Inkundla wabetha phantsi i-amnesty i-military dictatorship kokuba wanika amalungu ayo lokuqala enye umtyholwa wanikela suicide phambi verdict waba ufikelele kwi- yovavanyo elinesibini defendants baba sentenced ebomini nokuvalelwa. Ngodisemba, zimbini yangaphambili executives womsebenzi wobulali Chevrolet Motor Inkampani mzi-kufutshane Buenos Aires, Pedro Muller kwaye Hector Sibilla, ukuba convicted ngenxa yabo inxaxheba koluntu abduction kwaye torture ka-amabini anesine abasebenzi ngexesha yolawulo military junta. Abaqondisi-mthetho abakwicandelo kunjalo ndithi lixesha lokuqala yangaphambili executives a multinational corporation zokusebenza kwi-Argentina phantsi military junta zithe convicted yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene uluntu. Kwi, Argentine Congress wavakalisa umhla ka-Matshi amabini anesine njengoko Imini Yenkumbulo kuba Inyaniso nobulungisa, lenkonzo ye-victims of the dictatorship. Ngowe, amashumi amathathu eminyaka emva coup d'état ukuze kuqaliswe inkqubo Proceso, Imini Wolwazi waye wavakalisa wesizwe iholide kawonke-wonke. I-isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-coup waba wakhumbula yi-massive esemthethweni iziganeko demonstrations kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngexesha Nkqubo, kwakukho ezine ibonisa military juntas, ngamnye iqulethe kweentloko ezintathu amasebe Argentine Armed Imikhosi.
